Ren Shen Feng Wang Jiang
Medicine Researches
Null and opposing effects of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.
Meyer) on acute glycemia: results of two acute dose escalation
studies.
Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V.
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Toronto, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre,
St. Michael's Hospital, #6 138-61 Queen Street East, Toronto,
Ontario M5C 2T2, CANADA.
OBJECTIVE: We have repeatedly reported that a batch of American
ginseng with a specific ginsenoside (glycosidal saponin) profile
decreases acute postprandial glycemia. We investigated whether Asian
ginseng is able to replicate this glycemia-lowering efficacy in two
separate acute dose escalation studies. METHODS: Each study was
conducted in a separate sample of 11 healthy subjects (gender: 8M:3F
and 6M:5F, age: 29 +/- 2y and 27 +/- 3y, BMI: 28.5 +/- 2.1 kg/m(2)
and 26.9 +/- 1.4 kg/m(2)) using a randomized, single-blind,
placebo-controlled, multiple-crossover design. Treatments consisted
of 0 (placebo), 1, 2, and 3 g of Asian ginseng for the first study
and 0 (placebo), 3, 6, and 9 g Asian ginseng for the second study
administered 40 minutes before a 75g-OGTT protocol with blood drawn
at -40, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Ginsenosides were
analyzed by HPLC-UV. RESULTS: Neither the main effect of
pooled-treatment, nor dose, nor either factors interaction with time
was significant for incremental plasma glucose and insulin. But the
diagnostically and therapeutically relevant two-hour plasma glucose
(2h-PG) value was significantly higher for pooled Asian ginseng
treatment than placebo (5.46 +/- 0.31 versus 4.99 +/- 0.30 mmol/L, p
= 0.050). Ginsenoside analyses showed that the Asian ginseng
contained up to 96% lower and sevenfold higher quantities of various
ginsenosides and their ratios than our previous efficacious batch of
American ginseng. CONCLUSIONS: Asian ginseng showed both null and
opposing effects on indices of acute postprandial plasma glucose and
insulin. This is in contrast to our findings with American ginseng.
One explanation may be the marked ginsenoside differences.
Practitioners and consumers should be aware of ginseng's variable
effects.
Mycotoxins in root extracts of American and Asian ginseng bind
estrogen receptors alpha and beta.
Gray SL, Lackey BR, Tate PL, Riley MB, Camper ND.
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University,
South Carolina 29634, USA.
The estrogenic activity of ginseng has been the subject of
conflicting reports. Cell proliferation, induction of
estrogen-responsive genes, and isolated cases of adverse reactions
such as postmenopausal vaginal bleeding and gynecomastia have been
reported after ginseng treatment. Other studies report
antiproliferative effects with no induction of estrogen-responsive
genes. We developed estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ER alpha
competitive binding assays using recombinant receptors and [(3)H]-17
alpha-estradiol to detect phytoestrogens in extracts of Asian
ginseng root (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng root (Panax
quinquefolius L.). Root extracts contained substances that bound
both receptor isoforms. These substances had a two to three times
greater affinity for ER alpha. Significantly higher binding was
found in methanol extracts than in hot water extracts. Subsequent
analysis of the extracts revealed significant ER binding
attributable to zearalenone, the estrogenic mycotoxin produced by
several Fusarium species. The ER showed no binding affinity for Rb1
and Rg1, the major ginsenosides found in P. quinquefolius and P.
ginseng, respectively. Thus, ginseng extraction methods, plant
species tested, and mycotoxin contaminants may help to explain the
disparate literature reports.
The effect of Panax ginseng on forced
immobility time & immune function in mice.
Shin HY, Jeong HJ; Hyo-Jin-An, Hong SH, Um JY, Shin TY, Kwon SJ, Jee
SY, Seo BI, Shin SS, Yang DC, Kim HM.
College of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung
Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Panax ginseng has been used as a
traditional medicine for many years mainly among Asian peoples for
developing physical strength. We undertook this study to determine
the immune-enhancement effect of P. ginseng using a forced swimming
test (FST) and by measuring cytokine production in MOLT-4 cell
culture and mouse peritoneal macrophages. METHODS: P. ginseng was
orally administered to mice once a day for 7 days. The
anti-immobility effect of P. ginseng on the FST and blood
biochemical parameters related to fatigue, glucose (Glc); blood urea
nitrogen (BUN); latic dehydrogenase (LDH); total protein (TP) and
production of cytokines in human T cell line, MOLT-4 cells and mouse
peritoneal macrophages were investigated. RESULTS: After two and
seven days, the immobility time was decreased in the P.
ginsengadministrated mice as compared to the control group; however,
this reduction was not significant. In addition, the amount of TP in
the blood serum was significantly increased. However, the levels of
Glc, BUN, and LDH did not show a significant change. P. ginseng
significantly (P<0.05) increased interferon (IFN)-gamma production
and expression as compared to control at 48 h in MOLT-4 cells. P.
ginseng plus recombinant IFN-gamma instead of P. ginseng alone
significantly increased the production of the tumour necrosis factor
(TNF)-alpha in the mouse peritoneal macrophages. INTERPRETATION &
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that P. ginseng may be useful for an
immune promoter. Further studies are needed to understand the
mechanism of its action.
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